City Behind a Fence: Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1942–1946

During World War II the United States government working through the Army Corp of Engineer undertook an unprecedented experimentthe development of the worlds first nuclear weapon. Although the fiery conclusion of the Manhattan Project is well known the prelude to the storythe saga of the people sequestered in the projects three crucial support communitieshas remained obscure. Built from the ground up these “secret cities”are phenomena of special import for American social history. In City Behind a Fence Charles W. Johnson and Charles O. Jackson chronicle the nature of daily life in Oak Ridge a facility built in the remote back country of East Tennessee to aid in the construction of the first atomic bomb. Surrounded by a fence patrolled by armed guards the inhabitants of Oak Ridgemost of whom were unaware of the nature of the activity at the facilityspent much of the war period physically cut off from the outside world. The authors analyze the people who lived and worked in this unique setting. They use previously classified material and extensive oral interviews to portray the stresses and patterns of life in the city focusing on problems of housing racial segregation education recreation interaction with surrounding communities the extreme security measures and the eventual “normalization” of the community. The history of war-time Oak Ridge graphically reveal the impact of the single-minded massive endeavor on the lives of those who struggled mostly unknowingly to launch the nation and the world into the Atomic Age.